The Scarlet Letter Persuasive Essay Example For Students

The Scarlet Letter Persuasive Essay Wheeler 1Jean WheelerMrs. SearbyAmerican Studies 315, Section 12 October 1998Undoubtedly our actions affect our consciousness and often this reflects back on our later actions. If we do something good we are usually happy and in a good mood. However, if we do something bad, we often regret it, showing remorse for it, and act to avoid doing it again. But psychologically do we punish our selves? If so, do we do it consciously, or does our subconscious get the best of us and start to change us? Piece by piece the guilt will eat away at us, changing us physically and psychologically, changing our interactions with others, and our basic way of life. The Scarlet Letter relates how acts of sin and repentance cause great psychological changes which affect peoples physical appearance and behavior. We will write a custom essay on The Scarlet Letter Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Hester Prynne sinned once, but once was enough to change her for the rest of her life. Hester committed adultery with Reverend Dimmesdale and was punished by the town, which made her wear a scarlet A upon her clothes and stand in front of the whole town on the scaffold. Hester also punished herself. She isolated herself from the town and repented her sin for the rest of her life. Hesters self-inflicted punishment was a good punishment, though. She admitted her sin and got it off her conscious. She did not try to hide or run from her sin, because she knew that she could not escape it. She knew that the only way the sin would be removed from her was with time and repentance. Wheeler 2Here, she said to herself, had been the scene of her guilt, and here should be the scene of her earthly punishment; and so, perchance, the torture of her daily shame would at length purge her soul, and work out another purity than that which she had lost; more saint-like, because of the result of martyrdom . (Hawthorne 57)Later Hester leaves Boston with Pearl, but returns after Pearls marriage to repent her sin because once again she feels she cannot escape it. Because of this psychological barrier she puts on herself, Hester physically transforms herself to play the part of the sinner. Even the attractiveness of her person had undergone a similar change (113). She dressed herself in dull colors and hides her rich and luxuriant hair (113). She put her heart into repenting her sin, Hawthorne demonstrates this through the scarlet letter. Not a stitch in that embroidered letter, but she has felt it in her heart (39). There are times where Hester feels hurt and considers leaving, but deep inside she knows that she is a sinner and she wants to repent for it. A big part of her generous character and the interactions with others comes from how she sees herself and what she does about it. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale also sinned but, unlike Hester, he did not get caught. Hesters character and mentality comes from being able to share and repent her sin. Dimmesdale, on the other hand, hides his sin for seven years. He is tortured by his conscience and inflicts punishment upon himself. To repent he plies a bloody scourge to his shoulders, fasts until he gets weak, and keeps himself up at night thinking about his sin and the fact that he is the reason Hester has been punished (101). Wheeler 3Throughout the book, Dimmesdales character mentally gets weaker and weaker. This is partly due to him not being able to fully repent his sin, but also because of Chillingworths torturing him with his knowledge of the sin. During the seven years after his sin Dimmesdale gets physically weaker too, he starts walking slower, looking sicker, and putting his band over his heart more often. His hand over his heart represents a scarlet letter for him too, only his is hidden because he does not have the strength to confess. Hawthorne never actually reveals if there was actually something over Dimmesdales heart, but if there was, it was the effect of the ever-active tooth of remorse, gnawing from he inmost hear outwardly (178). Dimmesdale never actually fully confessed to adultery, he was much too weak psychologically. He did hint many times and indirectly say it, but never said exactly. When he died it ended his torment. He couldnt go on any longer, keeping his secret inside destroyed him physically. In The Scarlet Letter we see Hester and Reverend Dimmesdale go through immense physical and psychological changes caused by sins they had committed, However, we see Roger Chillingworth change mainly physically, but psychologically too in a huge way. but because he sinned by tormenting others. In the first description of Chillingworth he is slightly deformed in one shoulder, but by the time of his death he seemed to have shriveled away and almost vanished from mortal sight, li ke an uprooted weed that lies wilting in the sun (179). The whole purpose of his life was the pursuit and systematic exercise of revenge on the man who wronged his wife (179). The longer amount of time he has been chasing and tormenting Dimmesdale, the more he Wheeler 4starts to look deformed, and the more he starts to think and act like Satan. Had a man seen old Roger Chillingworth, at that moment of ecstasy, he would have had no need to ask how Satan comports himself, when a precious human soul is lost to heaven, and won into his kingdom (96-97). He feeds his energy off of getting revenge on Dimmesdale and once Dimmesdale dies he has no purpose left to his life. He loses all his energy, he get even more deformed and eventually dies, never having repented for his premeditated sin.Psychologically everyone ends up getting punished for their sins.Hester was allowed to repent openly and her punishment was not as harsh because she admitted to it. Dimmesdale was not allowed to repent ope nly but knew that he had sinned so his punishment was self-imposed. Chillingworth was strictly punished by higher powers because he just kept knowingly sinning and wouldnt even think twice about it. The psychological punishment affects daily life for the rest of their lives, even if its not a conscious effort. .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d , .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d .postImageUrl , .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d , .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d:hover , .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d:visited , .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d:active { border:0!important; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d:active , .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Key Events Leading to Revolutionary War EssayWheeler 5Works CitedHawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. Four American Novels. New York: Harcourt, Brace World, Inc, 1959. 34-181.

Charles Darwin essays

Charles Darwin essays Charles Robert Darwin, who was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, on February 12, 1809, was a great British scientist. Charles Darwin developed his idea of evolution called natural selection. His work was of major influence on life, earth sciences, and modern thought in general (Encarta). Darwin was the fifth child of a wealthy and sophisticated English family. His maternal grandfather was a great china and pottery creator named Josiah Wedgwood and his paternal grandfather was a famous 18th-century physician named Erasmus Darwin (Encarta). After he graduated from school in 1825, Darwin went to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine. In 1827 he dropped out of medical school and entered the University of Cambridge because he wanted to become a clergyman of the Episcopal Church. There, Darwin met two people named Adam Sedgwick, who was a geologist, and John Stevens Henslow, who was a naturalist. Henslow showed Darwin how to be a thorough witness of natural events and an assembler of specimens. At the age for twenty-two, after graduation from Cambridge, which was in 1831, Darwin boarded the HMS Beagle, an English surveying ship. In his geological observations aboard the beagle, Darwin was most impressed with the effect that natural forces had on shaping the earths surface (Funk and Wagnals 42). Darwin noted that certain fossils of supposedly extinct species closely resembled living species in the same geographical area. In the Galpagos Islands, off the coast of Ecuador, he observed that each island supported its own form of tortoise, mockingbird, and finch; the various forms were closely related but differed in structure and eating habits from island to island (Funk 43). His observations led Darwin to think of possible links between separate but similar species. Because of his observations, Darwin began working on this idea of changeability in his Notebooks on the Transmutation of Species. By...

Qualitative and Quantitative research on Commitment Essay

Qualitative and Quantitative research on Commitment - Essay Example WÐ µbÐ µr’s rÐ µport has also analyzÐ µd thÐ µsÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd issuÐ µs in thÐ µ Ð µxtant litÐ µraturÐ µ and can makÐ µ thÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µral rÐ µcommÐ µndation that lÐ µadÐ µrs pay attÐ µntion to individuatÐ µd circumstancÐ µs of thÐ µ organization and Ð µmployÐ µÃ µ whÐ µn instating nÐ µw commitmÐ µnt programs. ManagÐ µrs must â€Å"dÐ µfinÐ µ an intÐ µrnational discoursÐ µ whÐ µrÐ µ 'bottom-up', 'humancÐ µntrÐ µd' and communicativÐ µ dimÐ µnsions — as wÐ µll as thÐ µ innovativÐ µ activitiÐ µs — of HR undÐ µrstanding dÐ µfinÐ µ an opÐ µn spacÐ µ that may Ð µithÐ µr dÐ µvÐ µlop into an acadÐ µmic Ð µntÐ µrprisÐ µ or dÐ µtÐ µrioratÐ µ and minglÐ µ with thÐ µ innumÐ µrablÐ µ currÐ µnt attÐ µmpts to mÐ µÃ µt with thÐ µ dÐ µmands of work and organisational Ð µvÐ µryday lifÐ µÃ¢â‚¬  (WÐ µbÐ µr, 2005). Gabris’ morÐ µ sciÐ µntific study Ð µspÐ µcially appliÐ µs to workÐ µrs who arÐ µ askÐ µd to pÐ µrform rÐ µpÐ µtitivÐ µ tasks, doing thÐ µ samÐ µ Ð µxact thing timÐ µ and again Ð µvÐ µn though it makÐ µs no sÐ µnsÐ µ, but it also works in high strÐ µss and high Ð µmotion jobs such as policÐ µ officÐ µrs and flight attÐ µndants. ... alitativÐ µ and quantitativÐ µ rÐ µsÐ µarch dÐ µsigns and sampling plans can Ð µxist togÐ µthÐ µr and thÐ µrÐ µ doÐ µs not rÐ µally havÐ µ to bÐ µ onÐ µ that is bÐ µttÐ µr than thÐ µ othÐ µr, gÐ µnÐ µrally. SomÐ µtimÐ µs thÐ µsÐ µ dÐ µsigns arÐ µ Ð µvÐ µn usÐ µd within thÐ µ samÐ µ study, but this was not thÐ µ casÐ µ with thÐ µ articlÐ µs: Gabris stuck to a quantitativÐ µ study, and WÐ µbÐ µr’s was qualitativÐ µ. â€Å"BiasÐ µs may Ð µxit in thÐ µ sÐ µlÐ µction of samplÐ µ Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts within a givÐ µn cÐ µll Ð µvÐ µn though its proportion of thÐ µ population is accuratÐ µly Ð µstimatÐ µd†¦ attÐ µmpts havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn madÐ µ to combinÐ µ probability and quota sampling tÐ µchniquÐ µs, but thÐ µ Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µnÐ µss of this Ð µffort rÐ µmains to bÐ µ sÐ µÃ µn† (Robson, 2003). It is possiblÐ µ to crÐ µatÐ µ somÐ µthing that may includÐ µ scalÐ µs of attitudÐ µs and bÐ µliÐ µf as wÐ µll. ComparativÐ µ assÐ µssmÐ µnt It has bÐ µÃ µn dÐ µmonstratÐ µd in Gabris’ study that collÐ µctivÐ µ dÐ µcisions arÐ µ morÐ µ Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ in implÐ µmÐ µntation than individual dÐ µcisions. This is anothÐ µr bÐ µnÐ µfit of making crÐ µativÐ µ dÐ µcisions in Ð µmployÐ µÃ µ commitmÐ µnt through utilizing tÐ µamwork. YÐ µt anothÐ µr bÐ µnÐ µfit shown in this study is that thÐ µ unity that binds thÐ µ group togÐ µthÐ µr will furthÐ µr idÐ µas of Ð µqual participation. ThÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ plÐ µnty of pÐ µoplÐ µ who arÐ µ contÐ µnt to bÐ µ a tÐ µam mÐ µmbÐ µr, but Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ lÐ µadÐ µrship and Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ tÐ µamwork pattÐ µrns can hÐ µlp Ð µnsurÐ µ that Ð µvÐ µryonÐ µ involvÐ µs bÐ µcomÐ µs a rÐ µal tÐ µam playÐ µr. SpÐ µcifically, thÐ µ managÐ µr of Ð µmployÐ µÃ µs wanting grÐ µatÐ µr lÐ µvÐ µls of motivation can Ð µncouragÐ µ this sort of tÐ µam approach, whÐ µrÐ µ sharing is impà  µrativÐ µ. OvÐ µrall thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ many diffÐ µrÐ µnt facÐ µts of mÐ µthodology that can bÐ µ appliÐ µd to an Ð µxpÐ µrimÐ µntal dÐ µsign. This is a gÐ µnÐ µralization that can bÐ µ madÐ µ

Europe's Promise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Europe's Promise - Essay Example Thus, while America has been instrumental in supporting the revolution and reestablishment of post world war II Europe, it is now emerging that another world power is developing. However, the difference between American as a superpower and the emerging Europe world power is that; Europe has collectively embraced all the social, environmental and economic strategies that will create an economic hub that is less prone to financial crisis, a social setting that affords social, cultural and welfare sustainability for its population, as well as an environmental focus that will enhance environmental sustainability (Hill, 43). Europe’s new promise is to develop a human society that has economic security and empowerment, and which has embraced global new vision for humans; the vision of wellbeing and comfort. The argument of the book is that the social capitalist approach is the best hope for the future generational stability in the world, as opposed to the pure capitalism approach ap plied by the United States, which has served to alienated its people since the end of the world war II, through creating a society that is lacking in equality and economic sustainability (Hill, 52). The consequence has been the creation of a society that is divided right through the middle, with a certain percentage of the American society joining the higher class, a class defined by immense wealth, while there is still another class on the bottom of the hierarchy that is poverty-stricken. The social and economic inequality has been contributed by the purely capitalist approach, which enables the rich and the owners of the factors of production to continuously enrich themselves, while the lower class of workers rarely gets an opportunity to move up the ladder (Hill, 117). It is such a system that has created an American society where the population obtains less for the value of their money, since when the costs of out-of-pocket services are combined with the taxes that the American pays, the value is equivalent with that of the European population, yet the value of the public services delivered to the Americans are much lower (Hill, 33). Therefore, the hope for the new and emerging democracies should lie on the constitutional reforms applied by the European nations, as opposed to the libertarian approach that is characteristic of the United States democracy. Further, the European healthcare and the social welfare systems are more efficient and effective in catering for the European vast population, compared to those of America, where the provision of healthcare is not equitable and universal, and thus there is no guarantee for the health welfare of the American population (Hill, 272). Additionally, the social welfare system of America is inequitable and does not take good care of the older generation, most of whom, are left to grapple with the problem of catering for their health services after retirement, considering that the social welfare system is not well integrated with the healthcare system, to ensure the holistic caring of the population. Similarly, the labor rights in the European countries are based on an equitable system

Qwest International Communications Research Proposal

Qwest International Communications - Research Proposal Example Qwest International Company is a public telecommunications company that provides services such as wireless services, video and internet services as well as short and long distance communications to both individual and wholesale consumers. It has achieved its objective in conjunction with other players such as Verizon wireless and Direct Television. The company is also involved in sub letting of properties such as warehouses and offices. Its headquarter are located in Denver, Colorado but operations are well spread out to over fourteen states in the United States some of which are South Dakota, Oregon, Wyoming, Minnesota, Arizona, Idaho, Iowa, New Mexico, Nebraska, Utatah and Montana. The company is headed by a Chief Executive Officer by name Edward Mueller who also serves as the chairman to the Board of Directors of the company, and under him are over 38,000 employees. These employees are involved in provision of services that are world class in nature. Qwest International Company has been listed in the stock exchange and with a symbol of New York Stock Exchange (NYSE): Q and revenue of over $13.8 billion in the financial year 2007 (Handley 264). Qwest Communications International specializes in ... Chapter 2 Qwest International Company. Vision To be the company of choice that provides telecommunication services that include teleconferencing facilities, both post and pre-paid calling cards, provision of fiber optic networks and long distance telecommunication facilities to their customers. Mission The company's mission has been to ensure that employees' strengths are utilized as a means of ensuring future success of the company's business activities. Background Qwest International Company is a public telecommunications company that provides services such as wireless services, video and internet services as well as short and long distance communications to both individual and wholesale consumers. It has achieved its objective in conjunction with other players such as Verizon wireless and Direct Television. The company is also involved in sub letting of properties such as warehouses and offices. Its headquarter are located in Denver, Colorado but operations are well spread out to over fourteen states in the United States some of which are South Dakota, Oregon, Wyoming, Minnesota, Arizona, Idaho, Iowa, New Mexico, Nebraska, Utatah and Montana. The company is headed by a Chief Executive Officer by name Edward Mueller who also serves as the chairman to the Board of Directors of the company, and under him are over 38,000 employees. These employees are involved in provision of services that are world class in nature. Qwest International Company has been listed in the stock exchange and with a symbol of New York Stock Exchange (NYSE): Q and revenue of over $13.8 billion in the financial year 2007 (Handley 264). Literature review Products & services Qwest Communications International specializes in three major areas of service provision the

Unconscious Communication and Defence Mechanisms

Unconscious Communication and Defence Mechanisms According to Frayne[1] unconscious communication is one of the three types of communication, the other two being conscious and preconscious. To the clinician, it is critical to understand the full nature of unconscious communication, defence mechanisms and the manner in which these interact in the therapeutic environment[2]. The therapeutic environment is often prey to issues of transference, countertransference and a multitude of defence mechanisms. As a result, it is essential that the clinician understand how issues of transactional analysis impact both the patient and therapist. The therapeutic setting is one based on a close relationship, that of patient and clinician. Both parties bring their own beliefs and perceptions, personality, stages of development and behaviours to the therapeutic experience. As a result, both parties are prey to their own types of unconscious communication and use of various defence mechanisms. Frayne[3] states â€Å"Contemporary psychoanalytic interventions (require that) the analyst be able to work in that transitional field that joins the unconscious of the patient and the analyst.† This paper will highlight the many concepts involved in the roles of unconscious communication, defence mechanisms, transactional analysis and the transference and countertransference experience. In order to highlight these issues and how they can manifest themselves, this paper will present the case of B.A., a 13-year-old child who has been in the therapeutic setting for 5 months. Following the case presentation, topics will be explored in a reflective manner. Case Presentation B.A. is a 13-year-old Caucasian male who presented to the therapeutic setting as a result of maladaptive behaviour displayed at home and in the school setting. B.A. is one of four children born to working class parents, both of whom work a traditional 8:30 – 6:00 work day. B. A. is second oldest and the only male child. His other sisters are 15, 10 and 7 years of age, respectively. B.A. has had history of excellent grades, mostly As and a few Bs for the majority of his public education and has been cited as a good citizen by his teachers. Five months ago, B.A.s grades significantly dropped to near failing, his attitude was oppositional, he was frequently truant and B.A. became involved with numerous fights with other children. When school counsellors brought the issues to B.A.s parents, his parents acknowledged that B. A. changed at home as well, being oppositional and defiant. Both his teachers and parents cited increased frequency of lying and his parents stated â€Å"It is getting impossible to tell the difference between when he is telling us the truth or a lie. We wonder if he even knows the difference anymore, whether he believes his lies really are the truth.† Upon closer familial examination, B. A.s parents admitted they had been having marital problems, including issues of betrayal and infidelity such that there have been â€Å"regular loud shouting matches† and arguments in the house. During those times B.A. would stay in his room and turn the volume on his stereo up, causing more stress within the household. The infidelity was first uncovered six months ago at which time B.A.s parents discussed divorce options, which B. A. overheard. A precipitating incident involving night time vandalism four months ago at his school led to court involvement and mandated psychological counselling for a period of one year. The reflective nature of this paper is based on two months of bi-weekly therapeutic sessions. Unconscious Communication Frayn[4] tells us that unconscious communication can only be inferred, as it cannot be tangibly seen, but only sensed in the therapeutic setting, primarily during those times of silence. There were many times that B.A. maintained his silence, primarily during those times when he was challenged to explain his behaviour, justify his actions or explain his thought processes. Although his overt actions during these silent periods could be interpreted as insolent behaviour, there was no way to truly know what unconscious mechanisms were engaged, but a series of defence mechanisms were evident in his therapy and were inferred as greatly influenced by the unconscious process[5]. Defence Mechanisms Frayn[6] believes that unconscious processes are often a form of â€Å"acting out† in the therapeutic environment, in particular those under age seven, where children find it easier to act instead of talk[7]. This is particularly evident in the transactional analysis approach when dealing with dysfunctional or challenged adolescents, like B.A. who respond with childlike reactions when stressed. In particular, Araujo, Feldman and Steiner[8] state that defence mechanisms are a function of age, sex and status of mental health. In particular, those unconscious actions and reactions are involuntary but serve to reduce a perceived threat as reality-distorting mechanisms postulated to form themselves in the unconscious[9]. Araujo et al. [10] state that youths with psychological issues have a tendency to display less mature defence mechanism such as â€Å"denial, projection, regression, passive aggression and displacement† even though they are considered ineffective coping stra tegies for an adolescent. More mature defence mechanisms are considered â€Å"sublimation, anticipation, affiliation, suppression and humour.† This concept is particularly important to the therapeutic environment as the defence mechanisms among mentally healthy early adolescents differ from the mentally healthy mid-adolescent. The older the individual on the child to mid-adolescent continuum, the less the patient should be employing immature defence mechanisms[11]. Similarly, the higher the level of emotional intelligence, the less one relies on maladaptive defence mechanisms that often prove inconsistent and illogical[12]. B.A.s impulsive and acting out behaviour coupled with his lies made therapy particularly difficult. Elaad[13] tells us that lying is a method of deceptive communication that provides an advantage to the deceiver, stating that those with poor social skills use methods of deception more frequently than others with lesser levels of guilt over their deception. From a transactional analysis standpoint, Elaad[14] states that the bad-child indulges in defence mechanisms that feel natural, as the ego state attem pts to rid itself of parental pressure. Clinicians need to be aware of developmental stages and influences, such as emotional intelligence in order to effectively intervene for the patient, especially if significant unconscious communication mechanisms are in place[15]. Given B.A.s familial discord, it was not difficult to see that when B.A. acted out or displayed other defence mechanisms, including his frequent lying, issues of transference were part of the therapeutic process. Transference The defence maturity model postulated by Vaillant[16] believes that defence projection is the result of unacceptable feelings or relations with another that are displaced and redirected away from one person and directed at a less-cared-for-person, often a therapist. For those patients experiencing unconscious emotions, many times patients will shift their unconscious feelings towards another person instead of dealing with them personally[17]. B.A. appears to be transferring and projecting his own unresolved parental/authoritarian conflicts on his therapist and although he displays occasional glimmers of wanting to please and receive the favour of his therapist and gain a feeling of security, the security he used to feel with his parents before the familial discord. Countertransference Haarhoff[18] tells us that for the therapist, an awareness of countertransference, whereby the therapist unconsciously projects their own unresolved conflicts on the patient can have negative repercussions and consequences if the therapist ignores â€Å"or fails to understand his or her own emotional reactions† including the inability to set limits with a patient, feel inhibited to discuss various topics and other manifestations of avoidant behaviour. As a therapist, issues of countertransference are also paramount in B.A.s therapy, as feeling of anger at being lied to or suspecting that B.A. is lying during therapy sessions creates feelings of wasted time when time in for sessions is limited and B.A. avoids various topics and time management is one of the personal stressors this writer experiences. Awareness of countertransference creates boundary issues with a therapist[19]. In particular with B.A., it appears that a more demanding and controlling nature seems to overshadow the therapeutic process. Conclusion The use of defence mechanisms in the therapeutic environment is important to identify, as, according to Reisner[20] different types of neuroses are associated with different types of defence mechanisms. For example, those who are high in hysterical identifiers are more likely to employ repression as a defence mechanism where those who are obsessive compulsive, considered sensitizers, are hypervigilant to any kind of threatening stimuli[21]. Feldman and Steiner[22] believe that the more a therapist knows about defence mechanisms, particularly those who deal with children and adolescents, that knowledge can be used to predict levels of pathology among their patients. Aalto-Setala et al. [23] tell us that unconscious behaviours, such as communication and defence mechanisms are associated with an effort by the patient to manage their conflict. In particular, researchers found that the greater levels of immature defence mechanism use by adolescents â€Å"is associated with the onset of mood disorders in adults[24].† Successful therapeutic intervention must assess both conscious and unconscious communication in the patient and therapist. Bibliography Aalto-Setala, Terhi, Lonnqvist, Jouko, Poikolainen, Kari and Tuulio-Henriksson, Annamari. Psychological Defence Styles in Late Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A Follow-up Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997. Araujo, Katy B., Feldman, S. Shirley and Steiner, Hans. Defense Mechanisms in Adolescents as a Function of Age, Sex, and Mental Health Status. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996. Cashwell, Craig S., Schweiger, Wendi K. and Watts, Randolph H., Jr. Fostering Intrinsic motivation in Children: A Humanistic Counseling Process. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development. 2004. Clark, Arthur J. Scapegoating: Dynamics and Interventions in Group Counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development. 2002. Elaad, Eitan. Detection of Deception: A Transactional Analysis Perspective. The Journal of Psychology. 1993. Feldman, S. Shirley and Steiner, Hans. Two Approaches to the Measurement of Adaptive Style: Comparison of Normal, Psychosomatically Ill, and Delinquent Adolescents. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995. Frayn, Douglas H. Unconscious Communication and its Relational Manifestations in the Analytic Process. Canadian Journal of Psychoanalysis. 1998. Haarhoff, Beverly A. The Importance of Identifying and Understanding Therapist Schema in Cognitive Therapy Training and Supervision. New Zealand Journal of Psychology. 2006. Jones, Alun C. Transference and Countertransference. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2004. Murray, Robert J. The Therapeutic Use of Forgiveness in Healing Intergenerational Pain. Counseling and Values. 2002. OReilly-Knapp, Marye and Erskine Richard G. Core Concepts of an Integrative Transactional Analysis. Transactional Analysis Journal. 2003. Pellitteri, John. The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Ego Defense Mechanisms. The Journal of Psychology. 2002. Pires dos Santos, Manuel J. Countertransference in Psychotherapy and Psychiatry Today. Presented at the XXII Brazilian Congress of Psychiatry, Salvador B. A., Brazil. October 2004. Reisner, Andrew D. Repressed Memories: True and False. The Psychological Record. 1996. Footnotes [1]D. Frayn, Unconscious Communication and Its Relational Manifestations in the Analytic Process, Canadian Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1998) 207. [2]Frayn 208. [3]Frayn 207. [4]Frayn 208. [5]Frayn 210. [6]Frayn 211. [7]Frayn 211. [8]K. B. Araujo, S. S. Feldman and H. Steiner, Defense Mechanisms in Adolescents as a Function of Age, Sex and Mental Health Status, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1996. [9]A. Freud 1966 as cited by Araujo et al. [10]K. B. Araujo et al. 1996. [11]K. B. Araujo et al. 1996. [12]J. Pellitteri, The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Ego Defense Mechanisms, The Journal of Psychology, 2002. [13]E. Elaad, Detection of Deception: A Transactional Analysis Perspective, The Journal of Psychology, 1993. [14]Elaad 1996. [15]Pellitteri 2002. [16]Vaillant, 1986 as cited by S. S. Feldman and H. Steiner, Two approaches to the Measurement of Adaptive Style: Comparison of Normal, Psychosomatically Ill and Delinquent Adolescents, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1995. [17]Pellitteri, 2002. [18]B. A. Haarhoff, The Importance of Identifying and Understanding Therapist Schema in Cognitive Therapy Training and Supervision, New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 2006. [19]Haarhoff 2006. [20]A. D. Reisner, Repressed Memories: True and False. The Psychological Record, 1996. [21]Reisner 1996. [22]Feldman and Steiner 1995. [23]Aalto-Setala et al. 1997. [24]Feldman and Steiner 1995; T. Aalto-Setala, J. Lonnqvist, K. Poikolainen and A. Tuulio-Henriksson, Psychological Defense Styles in Late Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A Follow-up Study, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1997.

Advertisers Sell Images Not Products Essay -- essays research papers

The definition of advertising is outdated. It was previously, to endorse a product and praise goodness to induce the public to buy. They are now brainwashing consumers to buy their products using images to sell the product. The advertiser’s aim is to make the product look as good as it can through an attractive image. There are statistics, which I obtained from a Dolly Magazine, 16th May 2000, which proves that one out of four people in Australia buy a product because of the image shown in the advertisment. The images are eye catching and mention something important about the product. Ultimately it is true that, â€Å"Advertisers sell images, not products.† The environment plays a very important role in advertising. In an advertisment I found in a magazine I will describe to you the reason the environment is one of the most important roles in advertisements. The advertisement I chose is situated in the forest. There is a girl who has a baseball glove on and the caption says, â€Å"This girl can catch†. The product is for clothes. But they aren’t just any clothes they are clothes, which make you feel natural and that you can be yourself. Instead of being a pretty little girl and wearing dresses and not playing baseball, this girl wears shorts and a shirt and is playing baseball, therefore she feels good wearing whatever she wants. The environment plays an important part in this advertisement because at the time it is showing this girl can be herself, be natural the environment is a forest, which symbolizes it to be a natural environment. The environment can give meaning to the advertisement and tell the story in some cases. Advertisements are not the same without gestures and symbols. Gestures can be a simple hand movement or how a person is sitting. All gestures have symbolic meanings. Gestures can be facial expressions, body language. Gestures and symbols communicate to the audience of what the advertisement is about. It associates the product with meaning. Symbols are objects; these are there to make the product look better than anything else on the market, which will attract the public to buy. An advertisement I chose is of a well-known set of advertisements on television. Around 12 o’clock they start rolling onto our screens. Full of â€Å"call me's† and â€Å"1800† number’s exploding onto our screen. This is of course is aimed at guys who are horny and want to ring th... ... clothes and the woman in her dress and dressing gown. It is a bit confusing. The association with this product to the image is that the people are bored but if they get a mobile they will be happier and have a social life. Of course this is all about emotions and how you will feel after buying a product and not at all about what it is ‘saying’ to the public. Implicit images are images that imply certain things about a product. Explicit images are ones that do not imply anything about an image in an advertisement. Implicit images are used in all advertisements because the advertiser is implying certain things to the public, not necessarily related about a product. Therefore, Advertisers sell images and NOT products. When buying a product the consumer instantly thinks of the advertisement tied in with it. Gestures and symbols are very important in advertisements because they are the core meaning. Appeals and environment are also particularly important because they are the base on how to draw the public into buying the product. BIBLIOGRAPHY Advertising J.K.Cole Dolly magazine Class Video’s Products and Advertising Debbie Rodgers The advertising world Liz Werents and Dennis Pint