Fair Value or Cost Mode Drivers of Choice for Ias 40

European Accounting Review Vol. 19, No. 3, 461†493, 2010 Fair Value or Cost Model? Drivers of Choice for IAS 40 in the Real Estate Industry A. QUAGLI? what's more, F. AVALLONE ? Division of Accounting and Business Studies (DITEA), University of Genova, Genova, Italy and ? ? Branch of Computer and Management Science (DISA), University of Trento, Trento, Italy (Received September 2008; acknowledged February 2010) ABSTRACT The IFRS compulsory selection in European nations is a brilliant setting from which to evaluate the legitimacy of bookkeeping decision hypothesis, which hypothesizes that data asymmetry, legally binding ef? iency (office costs) and administrative advantage reasons could drive the decision. With this point, we test the effect of these elements to clarify the appropriation of reasonable incentive for speculation properties (IAS 40) in the land business, considering the ‘revaluation’ alternative offered by IFRS1 and utilizing authentic expense without r evaluations as a standard class for correlation purposes. We select an example of European land organizations from Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain and Sweden, all ? rst-time adopters of the IFRS. Utilizing a multinomial strategic model, we show that data asymmetry, legally binding ef? iency and administrative advantage could represent the reasonable worth decision. Especially, the most signi? cant ? ndings are that size as an intermediary of political expenses lessens the probability of utilizing reasonable worth while showcase to-book proportion is contrarily connected with the reasonable worth decision. Then again, influence, another run of the mill intermediary of contracting costs, appears not to in? uence the decision. This proof con? rms the present legitimacy of customary bookkeeping decision hypothesis regardless of whether it uncovers, in such a unique situation, the insignificance of the typical relations between bookkeeping decision and influence. . Present ation We investigate if the decision between cost or reasonable incentive for speculation property under IAS 40 focuses on (I) decreasing organization costs (authoritative ef? ciency Correspondence Address: A. Quagli, Department of Accounting and Business Studies (DITEA), University of Genova, Via Vivaldi 2, 16126 Genova (GE), Italy. Email: [emailâ protected] unige. it 0963-8180 Print/1468-4497 Online/10/030461â€33 # 2010 European Accounting Association DOI: 10. 1080/09638180. 2010. 496547 Published by Routledge Journals, Taylor and Francis Ltd for the EAA. 462 A. Quagli and F. Avallone easons), (ii) moderating data asymmetries, as standard setters guarantee, or (iii) permitting administrative advantage, run of the mill thought processes de? ned by bookkeeping decision hypothesis (Holthausen, 1990; Fields et al. , 2001). Utilizing a multinomial calculated relapse, we test these speculations utilizing 73 perceptions from land organizations situated in European nations (Finland, F rance, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain and Sweden) which don't permit the reasonable worth strategy in the pre-IFRS obligatory period so as to dispense with the in? uence of prior reasonable worth reception. All these ? rms are ? sttime IFRS adopters, empowering us to look at a similar bookkeeping decision in a comparative circumstance (? rst-time reception). The compulsory appropriation of IAS 40 (Investment properties) by European recorded organizations offers a one of a kind chance to confirm managers’ conduct in a composite setting of bookkeeping decision. Indeed, IAS 40 permits two elective techniques for evaluation of speculation property resources: the cost strategy or the reasonable worth strategy with acknowledgment of reasonable worth changes through star? t and misfortune. Also, considering the IFRS1 ‘fair esteem as regarded cost’ choice, the cost decision could be part into two lternatives: (I) authentic expense without revaluation, (ii) verifiable expe nse with the IFRS1 choice to revaluate speculation property. This subsequent choice could speak to an incomplete substitute for the reasonable worth strategy, indicating its belongings just in value without in? uencing ace? t and misfortune. 1 Thus, our model accept the decision of applying verifiable expense without revaluating it as the referent result classification to think about (Y ? 0), and structures logits contrasting the decision of utilizing authentic expense with IFRS1 revaluations of venture property (Y ? 1) and reasonable worth decision (Y ? 2) to it. Our ? dings propose that all the bases depicted by bookkeeping decision hypothesis (data asymmetry, authoritative ef? ciency and administrative advantage) drive the choice to receive reasonable worth. In reality, in regards to authoritative ef? ciency reasons specifically, we ? nd that the bigger the size (intermediary of political costs), the more outlandish reasonable worth is to be picked, while influence and ensuing le nders’ assurance is by all accounts insigni? cant for the decision. Moreover, our outcomes demonstrate that showcase to-book proportion (MTBV) (intermediary of data asymmetry) is adversely identified with the reasonable worth decision. This ? nding, that con? cts with existing writing, could be represented in the land business because of the way that significant levels of MTBV in this setting uncover development openings related with a reasonable estimation of speculation properties and along these lines with a uninformed asymmetry. Administrative advantage conduct, estimated by a fake variable for income smoothing, appears to have an in? uence on reasonable worth decision. While every one of these factors appear to have an in? uence on the reasonable worth decision, similar factors don't clarify the decision of chronicled cost with the IFRS1 revaluation choice in inclination to the cost support approach.This paper offers different commitments to current writing. Right off th e bat, as far as we could possibly know, it is one of the ? rst papers speci? cally centered around the decision Fair Value or Cost Model? 463 among cost and reasonable incentive in the IFRS setting. We play out the investigation utilizing an example of ? rst-time IFRS adopters from a few European nations receiving just the cost strategy in the pre-IFRS stage so as to both not limit the exploration to the conventional correlation among German and UK ? rms and kill the danger of in? uence from past experience.Secondly, this paper acquaints with the bookkeeping decision writing an exploration intended to break down the in? uence of different inspirations (legally binding ef? ciency, data asymmetry and administrative advantage) for a various decision condition (cost, cost with IFRS1 revaluation or reasonable incentive through professional? t and misfortune), testing through a multinomial strategic relapse all the potential causes. Past research, despite what might be expected, generall y neglects an examination of numerous inspirations (Fields et al. , 2001, pp. 290 †291).In different words, contrasted with existing examinations we lead an investigation utilizing a creative numerous inspirations †various decisions approach that better catches the multifaceted nature of bookkeeping decisions in the executives choices. At long last, we add to the present discussion on reasonable worth demonstrating which ? rm attributes drive the decision of this strategy. While data asymmetries are the most talked about thought processes in reasonable worth, we show the in? uence of authoritative ef? ciency inspiration just as administrative advantage, and the genuine decisions by ? ms exhibit just a ‘partial enthusiasm’ towards reasonable worth, even in a part where fluid markets exist. The paper continues as follows. Segment 2 concerns the writing identified with our examination. Segment 3 proceeds to portray the principle highlights of IAS 40 and the preIF RS local GAAP of the nations examined. Segment 4 shows the improvement of our speculations, while Section 5 gives subtleties on the exact model structure, variable de? nition, test determination and information. At last, Section 6 portrays elucidating insights, the principle ? ndings and the heartiness of the outcomes. . Hypothesis and Relation to Existing Research The decision between reasonable worth and cost is a focal subject in the ebb and flow banter on bookkeeping. Reasonable worth is commonly favored because of the way that ?nancial proclamations uncover a more elevated level of data (CFA Institute Center, 2008),2 regardless of whether its selection requires speci? c conditions: fluid markets, huge database of accessible costs (Barth and Landsman, 1995; Ball, 2006), just as new skills in creating estimation models without fluid markets, making it conceivable to upgrade gauge dependability (Schipper, 2005).On the other hand, the unwavering quality of reasonable worth evaluati ons is the most basic point (Martin et al. , 2006; Watts, 2006; Whittington, 2008), with the potential harm brought to the stewardship capacity of ? nancial proclamations. All the more by and large, the interest for reasonable worth must be assessed in its speci? c nation setting. The interest for reasonable worth and the related inclination for a more elevated level of data versus unwavering quality of ? nancial proclamations in Common law nations is very unique in relation to a similar interest in Code law nations (see Ball et al. 2000). 464 A. Quagli and F. Avallone Alternatively, a cost model appears to be more ef? cient in an authoritative viewpoint since it lessens organization costs created by creditors’ assurance, political perceivability, tax assessment and case (Watts, 2003; Qiang, 2007). Late investigations, nonetheless, appear to overlook the significance that the examination of the appropriation of IFRS assessment choices could have in giving some more clarificat ions to managers’ bookkeeping decisions and, thus, for the advancement of bookkeeping decision theory.Therefore, the decision among cost and reasonable worth is a focal point in this sense. Following the structure of Francis et al. (2004), reasonable worth and cost influence the properties of bookkeeping numbers in a totally different manner. Reasonable worth is more worth relevant,3 and gives progressively unsurprising and convenient income ? gures in light of the fact that it is progressively situated towards future money ? ows (resultant by the present estimation of certain advantages); despite what might be expected, the cost technique approach underpins conservatism, perfection and the gathering quality, because of the acknowledgment of val

The reaction between zinc and copper sulphate Essay Example

The response among zinc and copper sulfate Paper To research the effect of fluctuating the measures of zinc in the response among zinc and copper sulfate has on the pace of response. Foundation Knowledge My analysis depends on the hypothesis of: A progressively responsive metal can dislodge a less receptive metal from a compound For examplThis kind of response is known as a solitary removal. This is the point at which one component exchanges places with another component a compound. The response that I will be taking a gander at is zinc-supplanting copper. This occurs, as zinc is higher in the reactivity arrangement than copper. The condition is appeared underneath significant part of these examinations is that they are exothermic. An exothermic response gives out warmth as a wellspring of vitality. A response that is exothermic uses less vitality to break the old bonds than is transmitted to make the new bonds in this way heat is emitted. The higher the vitality emitted, the higher the warmth will be. The conceivable free factors that could be explored are: I The mass of zinci The weight of the encompassing environment I The centralization of the copper sulfate I The surface region of the strong reactant, I. e. the zinc I The volume of copper sulfate I The light force. The measure of times the arrangement is mixed The needy variable that I will gauge will be the temperature change of the response. To do this I should quantify the underlying and last temperature of the response. Fundamental analyses I directed primer trials utilizing 1g of zinc, so as to foresee, with more noteworthy exactness, the result of my investigations. It demonstrated that the trial would have been exothermic, and that the temperature emitted expanded as the analysis advanced. I likewise concluded that I would just time the tests for a limit of ninety seconds each, as this was sufficient time for the outcomes to be recorded onto a chart. Mechanical assembly To do the investigation I will require the accompanying gear: We will compose a custom exposition test on The response among zinc and copper sulfate explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on The response among zinc and copper sulfate explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The response among zinc and copper sulfate explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Powdered zinc In powdered structure as this expands the surface zone and gives better outcomes Copper sulfate arrangement (0. 5M) Measuring chamber To ensure the volume of copper sulfate is controlled Timer To time the 5-second interims Weighting scales To precisely quantify the measure of zinc Polythene cups polythene, as this is a warmth protecting material. Utilizing an alternate cup for each segment of the trial with the goal that every one is reasonable. Additionally utilizing plastic tops to prevent any undesirable substances from meddling with the investigation and to prevent heat from being effortlessly lost. Thermometer To gauge temperature changes from start to interims to the last temperature. Technique During this examination I will mark the temperature emitted as I anticipate that the response should be exothermic. I will utilize 25ml of copper sulfate arrangement and 0. 8125 grams of zinc in each examination. I figure out how to function this out utilizing Avogadros hypothesis of moles. To start with, I needed to turn out to be what number of moles there are in 25ml of copper sulfate at 0. 5M. We have to change over the ml units into dm units. I in this way separated the 25 into 1000. I planned this answer by how solid the convergence of the copper sulfate was, 0.5M. Thus, we have the total (25/1000) x 0. 5= 0. 0125 moles of copper sulfate. We at that point need to times this number by the nuclear load of zinc, which is 65. 0. 012565 = 0. 8125 grams. This is the measure of zinc expected to disassociate copper in 25ml of copper sulfate arrangement at 0. 5M. Note that the beginning temperature of each investigation will be 25oC. I will record the temperature change in five-second interims from zero to seventy. I need to ensure that the zinc utilized is certainly powdered zinc as any strips or chunks of zinc would adjust the pace of response due the surface zone. I will record my outcomes in a table and afterward convert the information onto a chart. I will do this by plotting temperature against time. By drawing a line of best fit we can decipher the paces of responses by figuring the angle. I will rehash my trial to guarantee precise and reasonable outcomes. 1. Measure out 25cm3 of 0. 5M copper sulfate arrangement utilizing the estimating chamber 2. Empty the copper sulfate into the polystyrene cup 3. Put the thermometer in and hold up until the temperature arrives at 25oC 4. Utilizing the gauging scales, measure outâ grams of zinc. 5. Include the zinc, at the same time start the clock and put the plastic top on right away. 6. Mix the arrangement utilizing the thermometer as a pole. 7. Record the temperatures at five-second interims. 8. Rehash test for exact outcomes. Wellbeing There is a potential risk when completing this investigation as the copper sulfate arrangement or the zinc sulfate arrangement could be an aggravation to the skin subsequently contact with the skin should attempt to be kept away from. Goggles should likewise be worn to shield any destructive substances from entering your eyes. In the event that contact is made with the skin during the investigation you should wash the influenced region completely. Forecast I anticipate that this trial ought to be an uprooting response. Thusly the copper in copper sulfate ought to be dislodged by the zinc to shape zinc sulfate and copper. This ought to happen as zinc is higher in the reactivity arrangement than copper. The reactivity arrangement is as per the following: Element Symbol Group Number Potassium K 1 Sodium Na 1 Lithium Li 1 Calcium Ca 2 Magnesium Mg 2 Aluminum Al 3 Carbon C 4 (Non-Metal) Zinc Zn Transition Metal Iron Fe Transition Metal Tin Sn 4 Lead Pb 4 Hydrogen H Non-Metal Copper Cu Transition Metal Silver Ag Transition Metal Gold Au Transition Metal Platinum Pt Transition Metal Most Reactive Least Reactive As I am changing the measures of zinc, I can foresee that the more prominent the measures of zinc the quicker the pace of response. This is on the grounds that there is more reactant for the copper sulfate to respond with. In this way the temperature should ascend in direct extent the mass of zinc. Warmth ought to be radiated so I can foresee that the analysis will be exothermic. End From my investigation I can infer that it was an exothermic response, which shows that my forecast of this was right. The diagrams show that as the response time expands, the more the reactants emit heat vitality. The lines of best fit feature a mistake in my expectation as I anticipated that the more prominent the measures of zinc the quicker the pace of response. From the angles of the lines of best fit we can see this is false. In the two analyses the 1. 11g of zinc doesn't have the quickest pace of response and the temperature doesn't ascend as high as 1. 01, 0. 91 or 0. 81 grams of zinc. I additionally anticipated that the mass of zinc would ascend in direct extent to the temperature. We can see that this forecast isn't correct as then you would anticipate that the temperature should practically twofold from 0. 41 to 0. 81 and from 0. 51 to 1. 01, which doesn't occur. Assessment all in all my analysis has been a triumph as it has delivered genuinely exact outcomes. The purpose behind the test not following the precisely right example could be: Not all the zinc responded with the copper. Some warmth may have gotten away from the open cup. There could have been blunders in the perusing. The blending couldn't have been careful and predictable. These outcomes can be additionally improved by: Using an all the more protecting cover to forestall heat misfortune. Utilizing progressively exact and touchy scales. Utilizing a pipette or burette rather than an estimating chamber will build the exactness of the estimating of the copper sulfate. I could improve my outcomes to my trial if: More redundancies of the test were finished. This would give more outcomes and add to the proof for the investigation and furthermore increment precision. The investigation was attempted with various metals, ones that are at various levels in the reactivity arrangement. This would be done to perceive how the utilization of various responses change the temperature and vitality changes and if the hypothesis despite everything works with various metals. Likewise, utilizing salts with a metal lower in the reactivity arrangement than the base can show whether separation in the reactivity arrangement influences the vitality change. Various convergences of the copper sulfate were utilized. This can likewise show the distinction between the temperature and vitality changes. Information logging could be utilized so that there is currently chance in human blunder in the examination. Results Repeats in strong Amounts of Zinc (g) Starting Temperature (oC) End Temperature (oC) Temperature Change (oC) Average Temperature Change .

Does Using Cell-phones Make Some People More Or Less Connected - 1375 Words

Does Using Cell-phones Make Some People More Or Less Connected (Essay Sample) Content: Student’s Name Professor’s Name Course Date Does Using Cell-Phones Make People More or Less Connected Introduction We are living in this digital era where the access of cell phones is at our fingertips. It is very easy to have access to a mobile phone today than it was some years ago. In America, more than 90% of the adults own phones while more than 60% of the teens have access to cellphones. It is estimated that for 16 hours an average person will make use of about 144 minutes on their cell phones and there are about 6 billion mobile subscribers around the world (Sarwar, and Soomro 219). This can be attributed to growth in technology. Improvements in technology have seen the discovery of new ways of communication, and one of them is using the mobile phones. The mobile phones come in various forms, types, and models. The phones are used for many purposes. Today they are making transaction very fast and very easy. You can even access your bank through your phones. Today, cell phones have become a necessary and useful tool and are a critical part of the humanity (Sarwar, and Soomro 219). But a que stion can be raised as to whether the use of mobile phones is making us more or less connected. Easy access to communication would make us have a feeling that we are more connected. However, it is not always the case. This paper argues that Cell phones make us less connected because people no longer find it necessary to meet and instead relationships exist on virtual platforms. Furthermore, it promotes emotional disconnect among friends and relatives as they are unable to determine the real feelings of the people they are talking with over phone. How the Cellphones Make People Less Connected Technology, especially the cell phones has provided us with a shield. It makes us less exposed and vulnerable and especially emotionally. People learn during the early stages of development that being connected to people is exposing us to the dangers of conflicts and danger (Bian and Leung 65). As a result, they have reverted to technology and the in particular cell phones as they are relatively readily available. With the phones no one can see one when is crying, in short, no one can see you when you are experiencing shame. It is a behavior that has led to making people less connected with each other. Simply because when you are connected to the cell phones you become less exposed to such shame, conflict, and danger, so what people do is to become less connected by turning to their cell phones and avoid such social implications. People use their phones regularly due to a feeling of being less connected. In most cases, for example in a group or gathering, you will find people turning to their phones instead of attending to the businesses of the group. In a study research by Pew Research Centers, about 16% of people using phones in a group use their phones for feeling not interested in the group activities. About 15% claims they use the phone in a group for the need to interact with those not in the group and about 10% makes use of the cell phone to run away from taking part in the group (Duggan and Brenner 65). This leads to the desire of knowing the reason why they turn to their cell phones. The behavior is believed to be driven by the fact that the persons are feeling less connected to the group and that is why they end up turning to their cell phones yet they ought to be attending to the businesses of the group. If they were more connected to the group, they would have remained focused on the group rather than opting for their phones. The things are that the cell phones in this case only make them more social but less connected. Technology advancement has led to the emergence of a virtual world. The virtual world now overlaps with the real-world (Reyes, Dholakia, and Bonoff 115). It is because those whom we interact with in the virtual world are also the ones we interact with in the real world. We put more time to virtual-world than we do set in the real world to connect with real friends on a deeper level. And by so doing the overall result is that we remain less connected to each other in the real world. Connection in the real-world is the most important as we do not live in the virtual world, but rather we live in the real world. We are neglecting people and one another by frequently turning to using our cell phones. For example, it's not a wonder to see a mother walking their babies and talking on their cell phones while their little ones are crying. Children are taking much of their time on cell phones instead of learning from their parents and other siblings on how to emotionally connect (Chayko, 979). It is not a wonder to see teens on the street that are together but are always gazing at their cell phones. It, therefore, makes the kids and the parents less connected to each other. Similarly, the parents are becoming less connected to their children paying less attention to them than they do to their cell phones. Cell phones do not support social cues of communications. They do not support the use of eye contacts facial expressions just but to mention a few (Sarwar, and Soomro 219). The social cues are essential skills of communication in any relationship. They bring a sense of belonging and emotional attachment to each other. They make one feel to be more connected to each other. Switching to cell phones for communication makes us kill such social cues of communication just makes us less connected and feeling of attachment to each other. Social capital which is regarded as the benefits of interaction has two main merits to the human being; bonding and the bridging. Cell phones provide with a virtual world (Miller, et al. 460). The virtual world only provides with bridging. We bridge so many friends whom we interact and communicate with but whom we remain less connected. We remain less connected to such people because even though there is communication, there is no bonding with them. It is, therefore, the bonding that brings about connection and such use of cell has no support of bonding, therefore, making us less connected. Cell phones make us less connected because people only pay attention to what they want to pay attention. When start to behave this way it means that they became less connected to their real friends, workmates and family members (Reyes, Dholakia, and Bonoff 119). As a result, it means we end up expecting more from the technology while expecting less from the people. The people will ...

Human Traficking and Female Sex Slaves - 1097 Words

Introduction Steve Galster and his team are in Thailand to help save thousands of women from being forced into sex slavery. Central Asia has earned millions of dollars from forcing woman and young children from being trafficked. In Bangkok, Thailand sex becomes one of the lucrative comities that many foreign men go for. Most of the clients are Middle Eastern men and they go to Thailand for sex and most women do the work willingly. One of the biggest well-known organizations that operate human trafficking is the Uzbeks. The Uzbeks hold their organization in the Grace Hotel, where there are a lot of Middle Eastern men. They lure women from their poor countries and promise them a good job, only soon to discover that they have been tricked†¦show more content†¦What stood out What stood out to me was how many women are forced into Human Trafficking and how many little organizations are to help women in those situations. Annie Dieselberg has an organization in Thailand, where former prostitutes come in and try to forget their past by making then move forward with their lives. The Uzbeks have threatened her numerous times but continues to offer her services to help those women. In 21st Century Sex Slavery Dieselberg mentions, These women do not know what they are getting themselves into, they can be murdered, ganged rape, and even abused.† Women end up going through a lot of other situations when being forced into sex slavery. What Did I Strongly Agree With I agree with how they are trying to stop the trafficking ring from taking these women and arresting them for their crimes. Steve Galster mentions how it is hard to take these rings down because the women are too scared to testify against their boss. There is a division of labor in the Uzbeks rings because they have so many groups and they do not know if the ringmasters are female or male. Even if it is a dangerous mission for Steve’s team, he is brave enough to help dozen of women from being trafficked. What Did I Strongly Disagree With What I disagree with is how many organizations are there that trafficked women into becoming prostitutes. Many women are tricked into Thailand because they thought they would get a betterShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking : A Modern Form Of Slavery924 Words   |  4 Pages PRESENT HUMAN SLAVERY ISN’T JUST ABOUT SEX TRAFFICKING, UP TO 27 MILLION PEOPLE ARE FORCED INTO LABOR IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY, FROM TOMATOES TO ELECTRONICS TO AMERICAN MILITARY CONTRACTING IN PLACES LIKE IRAQ. AS AMERICANS THINK ABOUT HUMAN TRAFFICKING, THEY ARE INCLINED TO THINK ABOUT SEXUAL SLAVERY. IN FACT THE ACTUAL STORIES OF GIRLS SOLD OFF TO BROTHELS OR TRICKED INTO TAKING PART INTO PROSTITUTION BY GANGSTERS IS GREAT FEED FOR JOURNALISTS. THIS APPEALS TO A CERTAIN TYPE OF CELEB COMMITMENT THATRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Sex Trafficking1921 Words   |  8 Pagesincreasing rate of human trafficking around the world? Not many people are fully aware of the increasing number of people that are being taken into human/ sex trafficking. Most of the people involved in this type of illegal business is taken against their will, or sold into the business by their family. These women taken into this business is completely stripped of all personal needs. Most of the time the women in this business are children, such as young girls under the age of 18. Sex trafficking is

Africans in America the Terrible Transformation...

Africans in America: The Terrible Transformation Response/Reflection The video titled Africans in America: The Terrible Transformation thoroughly reassesses the history of slavery. The documentary tells of how slavery was brought to America, and of the conditions under which these slaves were forced to live. The trade that began in Africa was not initially focused on trading humans, but rather on gold. Gradually, the British took control and started trafficking Africans to their colonies in America. The conditions slaves lived under changed drastically from the original conditions when they first arrived to America compared to years after the slave trade had been functioning. This documentary re-examines the appalling social injustice†¦show more content†¦They were examined by surgeons and those who passed the examination were marked with a hot iron burn which distinguished where they would be sent. This shows how Africans were treated more similar to animals than human beings. In America, the lives of Africans did not get any easier. Once t he demand for labor began increasing dramatically, more and more Africans were imported to America. Originally, white people and black people worked together in the plantations. As a result of the increase in Africans in these British colonies, less white people took jobs on plantations. Eventually, enslavement became based on race. Numerous slave codes were developed, which included denying slaves the right to be out past sunset and denying slaves the right to meet in groups of three or more. These Africans forced to live enslaved in America were treated as if they were inferior to white people. It is discouraging to think about the fact that this country, though it was long ago, once accepted this kind of social injustice. Though slavery is taught throughout ones education, the severeness of it isn’t usually explained how the documentary Africans in America: The Terrible Transformation explains it. Throughout school, students typically don’t examine how the racial pr ejudice that was associated with slavery was horrific in so many different ways. This documentary allows viewers to beShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesTiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. 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Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Please visit our web site at www.pearsoncustom.com ISBN 0–536–72690–6 BA 996748 PEARSON CUSTOM PUBLISHING 75 Arlington Street, Suite 300 Boston, MA 02116 A Pearson Education Company iii iv Table of Contents SECTIONRead MoreTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words   |  261 PagesKapustin Project management Lack of Client Executive Engagement and Leadership is by far the reason N1. †¢ Bernard Mace Plant Operations Manager, Senior Project Engineer You have started an excellent discussion, generating lots of good responses. A moving target is what I have experienced to be the main culprit (#7). Being said, one may argue that the individual (project manager?) with ultimate responsibility for the project is the reason for its success or failure. 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Solar Power the Best Alternative Energy

Question: Is solar power the best alternative energy? Answer: Introduction Most of the organizations find it risky to depend on one particular source of power. Industries need to depend on such sources of energy, which help them to reduce operational cost. Organizations find it difficult to retain its same power source year after year unless it creates its own power source. Often it is found that manufacturing plants need to endure huge cost due to electricity generation, which adds up to the cost of production and finally, price of products increases. Thus, such manufacturing plants need to establish such power source that delivers the most efficiency in terms of operation. Solar power is widely considered as the best alternative source of energy, which will be critically analyzed in this essay and evaluated against other sources of energy. Discussion According to Budischak et al (2013), if solar energy is compared with wind energy, then it can be said that solar energy is more convenient source of energy. Hirth (2013) pointed out that solar energy requires less amount of space than wind energy and as most of the manufacturing sectors are closed to each other, hence the availability of space for wind energy conservation is not suitable in the UK. If Oil and Gas Industry is considered, then in case of wind energy, it is sure enough that the refinery sectors require huge open space, which will add up to the cost of operation for the organizations. On the other hand, if solar energy is considered, then it can be said that solar panels does not take huge amount of space and hence it is feasible for any type of industry. On the other hand, Li, Hui and Lai (2013) pointed out that wind turbines or windmills are beneficial for the organization in only one particular sense, which is energy storage for the whole day. Solar panels can conser ve or store energy only during the daytime. Huber, Dimkova and Hamacher (2014) pointed out that wind turbines that are responsible for converting wind energy from windmills into electrical energy are associated with huge amount of sound, which indicates environmental degradation. On the other hand, Ren, Suganthan and Srikanth (2015) pointed out that solar panels are independent energy converters, which does not require additional machine for energy conversion, and therefore, there is no noise pollution. In this competitive era of sustainable environment, UK has adopted the green environment, which indicates that environmental pollution will be least entertained. Therefore, it can be said that solar power is more suitable alternative source of energy than wind power. Singh (2013) pointed out that wind turbines require more amount of periodic maintenance than solar panels. This is because most of the windmills are located at a minimum of 1.5km distance from the manufacturing plant and therefore, these machines are not under vicinity from the management. Quite often, such machines start malfunctioning, and maintenance of which adds up to the cost of operation Lovegrove and Stein (2012). According to Chang et al. (2013), hydropower is more suitable for those manufacturing plants, which have more than one operation unit, and covers huge area of land. Hydropower is installed in large-scale dams and therefore, this kind of energy source is not suitable for homeowners. On the other hand, Mileva et al. (2013) pointed out that solar power can be easily installed in any small business and homeowners as both space and cost related resources are less as compared to hydropower. As opined by Bhandari et al. (2014), large dams are extremely expensive, which can be only supported by large organizations and solar power can be installed at any location at convenient cost and even as per the requirement of energy, solar cells can be increased. An organization, which depends on hydropower, has to buy a huge amount of land and for that the whole habitat has to be eradicated, which is against environmental conservation as balance between the habitats will be hampered (Delucchi and Jaco bson 2013). On the other hand, solar power does not does not require eradication of livelihood and species and therefore least environmental degradation is perceived. On the other hand, Malagueta et al. (2014) pointed out that unfair water supply from dams destroys the communities and countries. Solar power has its own area of restriction and jurisdiction and is under control by the owner. Moreover, solar power does not hamper the habitat and culture of a society, which indicates that it is the most suitable alternate source of energy for organizations. From the analysis, it can be said that solar power has the ability to conserve environment, reduce expenditure and reduced maintenance cost, which are all favorable for an organization. According to Peterseim et al. (2014), biomass fuel is used in electricity production, but at the same time, the availability of biomass fuel is not found in many locations. This is because with the involvement of technology, the natural habitat has been destroyed a lot in the UK. Biomass is derived from biological degradation and application of microbes, but the UK government spontaneously eradicates the wastes from urban locations. As a result, most of the biomass is generated in rural areas where from generation of electricity is not feasible as it will require huge cabling. On the other hand, Karellas and Braimakis (2016) pointed out the fact that solar power is restored within ones own location and therefore, it does not harm any habitat. User can alter the panels and change the configuration and as per the requirements if solar power is utilized. Furthermore, Xingang et al. (2012) pointed out that burning of biomass emits carbon dioxide, which increases the amount of carbon cont ent in the environment. On the other hand, Sanchez et al. (2015) pointed out that solar panel has the efficiency rate of 19% in UK. This is because the entire process does not initiate any burning carbon emission. Prasartkaew and Kumar (2013) pointed out in UK, the biomass efficiency is almost 1%, which means solar energy is the most suitable source of energy for manufacturing organizations the UK. From the analysis, it is sure that solar energy does not pollute the environment in terms of carbon emission and is the most efficient form of energy. Organizations are becoming too much competitive in the UK and the selection of alternative source of energy has been always under question. At present, there are four most convenient sources of energy, which are solar, wind, water and biomass. Solar energy is derived from solar cells or solar panels, which are exposed in the direct sunlight. Direct rays of sun inject heat in the solar panel and finally, heat energy is converted into electrical energy through photovoltaic cells. Wind power is generated from windmills and is stored in wind turbines, which are transferred to the manufacturing plant. Hydropower is generated from dams and the energy originated from flow of water is converted into electrical energy. Biomass energy is produced by decomposition of fossil fuel and organic materials, which is associated with emission of carbon. These are the four most accessible and usable form of power sources for organizations, which will be further explained in this discussion later. Conclusion While concluding, it must be said that solar power is the most convenient and best alternative source of energy in the UK. Wind power requires lot of free space and huge maintenance, which is associated with noise pollution. This adds up to the cost of production. Hydropower source of energy is tremendously expensive and therefore is feasible for only large-scale organizations and finally biomass energy emits excessive carbon at the time of burning. The UK government is strict towards environmental conservation and therefore, it has been found that solar energy is the best alternative source of energy as it is less expensive, requires very less maintenance, does not pollute the environment and can be easily configured but the owner as per requirement. It is also recommended that organizations need to place a separate energy-manufacturing zone if they consider relying only on solar power. Reference List Bhandari, B., Lee, K.T., Lee, C.S., Song, C.K., Maskey, R.K. and Ahn, S.H., 2014. A novel off-grid hybrid power system comprised of solar photovoltaic, wind, and hydro energy sources.Applied Energy,133, pp.236-242. Budischak, C., Sewell, D., Thomson, H., Mach, L., Veron, D.E. and Kempton, W., 2013. Cost-minimized combinations of wind power, solar power and electrochemical storage, powering the grid up to 99.9% of the time.Journal of Power Sources,225, pp.60-74. Chang, M.K., Eichman, J.D., Mueller, F. and Samuelsen, S., 2013. Buffering intermittent renewable power with hydroelectric generation: A case study in California.Applied Energy,112, pp.1-11. Delucchi, M.A. and Jacobson, M.Z., 2013. Meeting the worlds energy needs entirely with wind, water, and solar power.Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,69(4), pp.30-40. Hirth, L., 2013. The market value of variable renewables: The effect of solar wind power variability on their relative price.Energy economics,38, pp.218-236. Huber, M., Dimkova, D. and Hamacher, T., 2014. Integration of wind and solar power in Europe: Assessment of flexibility requirements.Energy,69, pp.236-246. Karellas, S. and Braimakis, K., 2016. Energyexergy analysis and economic investigation of a cogeneration and trigeneration ORCVCC hybrid system utilizing biomass fuel and solar power.Energy Conversion and Management,107, pp.103-113. Li, X., Hui, D. and Lai, X., 2013. Battery energy storage station (BESS)-based smoothing control of photovoltaic (PV) and wind power generation fluctuations.Sustainable Energy, IEEE Transactions on,4(2), pp.464-473. Lovegrove, K. and Stein, W. eds., 2012.Concentrating solar power technology: principles, developments and applications. Elsevier. Malagueta, D., Szklo, A., Soria, R., Dutra, R., Schaeffer, R. and Borba, B.S.M.C., 2014. Potential and impacts of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) integration in the Brazilian electric power system.Renewable Energy,68, pp.223-235. Mileva, A., Nelson, J.H., Johnston, J. and Kammen, D.M., 2013. SunShot solar power reduces costs and uncertainty in future low-carbon electricity systems.Environmental science technology,47(16), pp.9053-9060. Peterseim, J.H., Tadros, A., White, S., Hellwig, U., Landler, J. and Galang, K., 2014. Solar tower-biomass hybrid plantsmaximizing plant performance.Energy Procedia,49, pp.1197-1206. Prasartkaew, B. and Kumar, S., 2013. Experimental study on the performance of a solar-biomass hybrid air-conditioning system.Renewable energy,57, pp.86-93. Ren, Y., Suganthan, P.N. and Srikanth, N., 2015. Ensemble methods for wind and solar power forecastingA state-of-the-art review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,50, pp.82-91. Sanchez, D.L., Nelson, J.H., Johnston, J., Mileva, A. and Kammen, D.M., 2015. Biomass enables the transition to a carbon-negative power system across western North America.Nature Climate Change,5(3), pp.230-234. Singh, G.K., 2013. Solar power generation by PV (photovoltaic) technology: a review.Energy,53, pp.1-13. Xingang, Z., Jieyu, W., Xiaomeng, L. and Pingkuo, L., 2012. Chinas wind, biomass and solar power generation: What the situation tells us?.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,16(8), pp.6173-6182.

Supply Shock Essay Example

Supply Shock Paper Supply Shock Name: Institution: Lecturer: We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Shock specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Shock specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Shock specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Course: Date: Supply Shock Definition A supply shock is that event that exerts a sudden change to the market price of a given commodity or service. This abrupt change can be because of an increase or a decrease in the supply of that particular commodity or service. This sudden change hence has a changing effect on the equilibrium price, either positive or negative (Thornton, 2003). Source: Emerald Group Publishing Limited When the output towards a commodity is increased or decreased, the price of the commodity will decrease or increase respectively. This can be attributed to a rightward shift of the supply curve. The diagram above represents an increase in the price of a commodity because of a decrease in its supply (Fisher, 2007). A supply shock can result from an abrupt event that limits output or causes disruption of the supply chain. Beneficial and Adverse Supply Shock Beneficial or adverse supply shocks have a major difference exhibited by their effect on a product or commodity’s price. A beneficial supply shock results to economic forces that exert a downward force causing the price of the affected commodity to decline. On the other hand, an adverse supply shock results to economic forces that have an upward pushing effect on the prices of the affected commodity. In both cases, the assumption held is that demand will be considered constant (Thornton, 2003). Reference Fisher, B. (2007). The supply and demand paradox: A treatise on economics. North Charleston, S.C: Book Surge. Thornton, J., University College of North Wales. (2003). Money supply shock and the demand for money: A test of alternative hypothesis. Bangor: University College of North Wales, School of Accounting, Banking and Economics.